SABIIA - Sistema Aberto e Integrado de Informação em Agricultura (Sabiia)

Shively, Gerald E.; Gars, Jared; Sununtnasuk, Celeste.

Nepal faces multiple development challenges, including chronic and widespread food insecurity and adult and child malnutrition. Due to population growth, agricultural stagnation and a range of institutional failures, the threat of a serious food crisis in Nepal is substantial. The recent scaling back of WFP assistance means that food security conditions in some parts of Nepal will undoubtedly worsen in the near future. This paper presents a brief review of topics and available evidence regarding food security, malnutrition and related subjects in Nepal. It is intended to document important source material and provide an overview of topics for non-specialists or those moving into new areas of concern.

Agricultural Policy Indicators

Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Health; Nutrition; Nepal; Agricultural and Food Policy; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty; International Development; I12; I31; O19; Q18.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/116190

Josling, Timothy E.; Valdes, Alberto.

This paper outlines a methodological approach for use by FAO to collect, analyze and monitor agricultural policy indicators (API) for developing countries. The aim is to establish a consistent and comparable set of policy indicators, allowing analysts to examine whether agriculture in particular countries is being stimulated or retarded by the set of policies employed. The API should also be useful in the context of quantitative models of policy impacts and market projections. Ideally, the indicators should function as building blocks for the more comprehensive policy measurement. This paper is presented in four parts. Part I gives an overview of the rationale for monitoring, the relationship between policy monitoring, quantitative modeling and evaluation,...

Aid, Governance, and Private Foreign Investment: Some Puzzling Findings and a Possible Explanation

Palavras-chave: Agricultural policy; Trade and development; Policy indicators; Domestic support; Agricultural and Food Policy; Q11; Q17; Q18; O10; O19.

Ano: 2004

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/23789

Harms, Philipp; Lutz, Matthias.

Does official aid pave the road for private foreign investment or does it suffocate private initiative by diverting resources towards unproductive activities? In this paper we explore this question using data for a large number of developing and emerging economies. Controlling for countries' institutional environment, we find that, evaluated at the mean, the marginal effect of aid on private foreign investment is close to zero. Surprisingly, however, the effect is strictly positive for countries in which private agents face a substantial regulatory burden. After testing the robustness of this result, we offer a theoretical model that is able to rationalize our puzzling observation.

Assessing the Impact of the Bean/Cowpea Collaborative Research Support Program (B/C CRSP) Graduate Degree Training

Palavras-chave: Aid; Foreign Direct Investment; Institutions; International Relations/Trade; F35; F21; O16; O19.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26128

Jamora, Nelissa; Bernsten, Richard H.; Maredia, Mywish K..

The study evaluated the impacts of the graduate degree training (GDT) component of the B/C CRSP. In their enhanced capacity, trainees have been playing important roles in strengthening teaching and research capacity in bean and cowpea sectors, both in the U.S. and in host countries. The study recommends the continued commitment and increased financial support to GDT.

Can Process Conditionality Enhance Aid Effectiveness? The Role of Bureaucratic Interest and Public Pressure

Palavras-chave: Impact assessment; B/C CRSP; Training; Graduate degree; Beans; Cowpeas; Crop Production/Industries; Teaching/Communication/Extension/Profession; Q16; I23; O15; O19.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6918

Hefeker, Carsten; Michaelowa, Katharina.

Can process conditionality really enhance poverty reduction in developing countries? This question is addressed in the framework of a politico-economic model considering political distortions both on the recipient and on the donor side. It turns out that process conditionality is a very useful tool to raise the welfare of the poor as long as the international aid organizations hold all necessary information to assess the political situation in recipient countries and to select the true representatives of the poor into a participatory process. If they do not hold this information or if other bureaucratic interests reduce their incentive to acquire this information, process conditionality loses its effectiveness in achieving the desired objective.

Climate Change Adaptation, Development, and International Financial Support: Lessons from EU Pre-Accession and Solidarity Funds

Palavras-chave: Poverty reduction; Process conditionality; Political economy of international organizations.; Food Security and Poverty; Political Economy; D72; D73; F35; O19.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26389

Przyluski, Valentin; Hallegatte, Stephane.

Funding adaptation requires adequate governance and there are different ways to organise and channel the funds to where it is most efficient and most necessary. This paper investigates this issue and studies the practical implementation of a development under conditionality, namely adaptation-development, and its requirement in terms of financing architecture. To contribute to this research, it looks at similar problems that have been met in the past, namely the European funding programs for Eastern Europe countries that were candidates to adhesion, and European internal structural and cohesion funds. These funding examples provide a pertinent analogy for the adaptation problem, and most issues in adaptation finance have also been met in these funds...

Corporate Codes of Conduct: Is Common Environmental Content Feasible?

Palavras-chave: Economic Development; Climate Change Adaptation; Foreign Aid; European Union; Pre-acccession and Solidarity Funds; Environmental Economics and Policy; E61; F35; O19; O2; Q54; Q56.

Ano: 2010

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/98095

Fischer, Carolyn; Parry, Ian W.H.; Aguilar, Francisco X.; Jawahar, Puja.

In a developing country context, a policy to promote adoption of common environmental content for corporate codes of conduct (COCs) aspires to meaningful results on two fronts. First, adherence to COC provisions should offer economic benefits that exceed the costs of compliance; i.e., companies must receive a price premium, market expansion, efficiency gains, subsidized technical assistance, or some combination of these benefits in return for meeting the requirements. Second, compliance should produce significant improvements in environmental outcomes; i.e., the code must impose real requirements, and monitoring and enforcement must offer sufficient incentives to prevent evasion. With those goals in mind, we explore options for establishing common...

Developing Countries and the Multilateral Trading System After Doha

Palavras-chave: Corporate social responsibility; Codes of conduct; Environmental management; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; O19.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10889

Srinivasan, T.N..

The Fourth Session of the Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization (WTO), held in Doha, Qatar, in November 2001, launched a new round of multilateral trade negotiations (MTN) and a work programme (WP) for the WTO involving the negotiating agenda and steps for meeting the challenges facing the multilateral trading system. The paper evaluates the WP, in particular, whether it would redress the unfavourable balance between benefits and costs to developing countries DCs of the agreement that concluded the previous (Uruguay) round of MTN. It discusses the failure of the third session in Seattle to launch a new round in December 1999, and also documents the unfavourable balance. While concluding that with adequate preparation, the negotiators could...

Do Transnational Corporations Care About Labour Standards?

Palavras-chave: World Trade Organization (WTO); Multilateral trade negotiations; Developing countries; Antidumping; Trade Related Intellectual Property Services (TRIPS); Trade and labour standards; Trade and environment; Preferential trade agreements; International Relations/Trade; F02; F13; F15; F16; F18; O19; O34.

Ano: 2002

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/28496

Busse, Matthias.

This paper explores the relationship between foreign direct investment, or the activities of transnational corporations, and core labour standards. It discusses the channels through which labour standards may influence foreign direct investment and presents the results of an empirical test of that linkage. The results show that, contrary to the conventional wisdom that transnational corporations engage predominately in countries with low standards, higher labour standards are positively associated with foreign direct investment inflows. Concerns about "social dumping" or "a race to the bottom" on such standards appear to be mistaken. This result even holds for poor developing countries. Die Beziehung zwischen ausländischen Direktinvestitionen, das heißt...

Food Aid Allocation Policies: Donor Coordination and Responsiveness to the Needs of Recipient Countries

Palavras-chave: Transnational Corporations; Foreign Direct Investment; Labour Standards; Cross-Country Regression Framework; International Relations/Trade; Labor and Human Capital; F23; O19.

Ano: 2002

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26298

Kuhlgatz, Christian; Abdulai, Awudu; Barrett, Christopher B..

This study employs a multivariate Tobit model to investigate whether food aid flows of the main donor countries – USA, EU (Community Aid and Member States), Canada, Japan and Australia – respond to recipient countries’ needs and the extent to which the donors interact in their food aid allocation. The response of global food aid is also analyzed with a censored least absolute deviation (CLAD) model to highlight the overall performance of aggregate food aid. The empirical results generally indicate that both global and bilateral food aid are effective instruments in improving food security at the national level in recipient countries. In particular, global food aid is found to be significantly targeted to poorer countries, as well as countries facing...

Food Aid and the WTO: Can New Rules Be Effective?

Palavras-chave: Food aid; Need-orientation; Donor coordination; Agricultural and Food Policy; Food Security and Poverty; International Development; International Relations/Trade; F35; I38; O19; Q18.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51686

Food Safety as a Global Public Good: Is There Underinvestment?

Cardwell, Ryan T..

A new Agreement on Agriculture from the Doha Development Agenda negotiations is certain to contain binding rules on food aid shipments. Negotiating parties are concerned that food aid has been used as a form of export competition policy, and they seek the use of coercive WTO legislation to prevent the disposal of surplus agricultural commodities as food aid. Current Uruguay Round food aid guidelines are contrasted with the most recent Doha Development Agenda proposals, and the prospective effectiveness of new rules is assessed. Food aid rules will be difficult to enforce within the WTO’s Dispute Settlement Understanding. Also, exogenous policy changes in donor countries are reducing the relevance of rules that target food aid as a means of surplus...

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Agricultural trade; Development economics; Export competition; Food aid; WTO; Food Security and Poverty; International Relations/Trade; O13; O19; Q17; F13.

Ano: 2008

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/6313

Unnevehr, Laurian J..

Globalization of the food system is shaped by demand trends that bring about deep integration of agricultural production and marketing. As diets and food quality become more similar around the world, risks are shared across borders, creating global public "goods" and "bads." Examples of globally shared food safety risks include acute risks such as microbial pathogens, as well as chronic risks, such as those arising from pesticide residues or mycotoxins. Food safety is addressed as a global public good through private sector efforts, institutional innovations such as the SPS agreement under the WTO, and trade capacity building efforts to improve food safety management for developing country exports. Data on food safety import violations from the U.S. and...

Food Security in Developing Countries

Palavras-chave: Food safety; Global public good; Trade facilitation; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Q13; Q17; Q18; O19.

Ano: 2006

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/25733

Staatz, John M.; Boughton, Duncan; Donovan, Cynthia.

This paper provides a systematic definition of food security, focusing on its different dimensions; examines the nature and magnitude of the different dimensions of food insecurity in developing countries; discusses the difficult tradeoffs that policy makers face in trying to address food security’s multiple dimensions simultaneously; and explores promising new approaches to address food insecurity. The geographic focus is on Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where the majority of the world’s food insecure people live.

Impacto de los acuerdos de asociacion en el comercio Euromediterraneo de frutas y hortalizas

Palavras-chave: Food security; Hunger; Poverty; Food policy; Economic development; Agricultural and Food Policy; Food Security and Poverty; International Development; O13; O19; Q18.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/49227

Selva, Maria Luisa Marti; Garcia Alvarez-Coque, Jose-Maria.

The aim of this research is to discuss a different way to represent the influence of Association Agreements on the agricultural trade between Southern Mediterranean Countries and the European Union in the period 1995-2004. A yearly analysis makes it possible to study trade changes after the Association Agreement between European Union and Southern Mediterranean Countries. For assessment of the Association Agreements, groups of countries with different treatment granted by the EU can separately considered. For these purposes, a gravity model approach could be of help, in particular for differentiated products such as fruits and vegetables. RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el comercio agrícola entre los países terceros mediterráneos y la...

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Association agreements; Gravity model; Trade of fruits and vegetables.; International Relations/Trade; Q17; F13; O19.

Ano: 2007

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/7998

International Commodity Organizations and Governance of Global Value Chains

Burger, Kees; Daviron, Benoit; Flores, Vanessa.

International commodity Organizations can play a role in reducing transaction costs between producer and consumer. The current organisations do this partly through statistics and collecting and disseminating market information, undertaking projects and convening meetings. Of a traditional focus on the international part of the trade chain they must extend to the whole chain, until the natural resources on the producer side and treatment of waste on the consumer side. This requires more capacity, stronger mandate and more intensive cooperation for the organisations mutually and with UNCTAD, FAO and the World Bank. The representatives of the governments now play the role of administrators and representatives of the industry. They should be customers, guard...

Kyoto-Protokoll, Wettbewerb und WTO-Handelssystem

Palavras-chave: Global governance; Global value chain; Commodities; Development; Agricultural and Food Policy; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Q13; O19.

Ano: 2009

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/51631

Shin, Soonjae.

Es wird häufig angenommen, dass nationale und grenzüberschreitende Klimapolitik, die aufgrund des Kyoto-Protokolls in den Industriestaaten eingeführt wird, durch die Einschränkung der Nutzung fossiler Energieträger ökonomische Kosten verursacht. Damit kann es zwischen den emissionsintensiven Industrien der Staaten, die Kyoto- Ziele umsetzen müssen, und denen der Staaten ohne eine solche Verpflichtung zu Wettbewerbsverzerrungen kommen. Langfristig kann jedoch technologischer Fortschritt die Klimaschutzkosten signifikant senken und dadurch die Wettbewerbsverzerrung mindern. Dennoch ist nicht auszuschließen, dass die kurzfristigen Wettbewerbsverzerrungen aufgrund einer differenzierten Einführung klimapolitischer Instrumente je nach Sektor durchaus...

New Evidence on Long-Run Output Convergence Among Latin American Countries

Palavras-chave: Internationale Klimapolitik; Wettbewerb; Internationale Handelsregeln; Politische Koordination; Environmental Economics and Policy; F18; K32; K33; O19.

Ano: 2003

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/26348

Productivity Spillovers from Foreign MNEs on Domestic Manufacturing Firms: Is Co-location Always a Plus?

Holmes, Mark J..

This study assesses long-run real per capita output convergence among selected Latin American countries. The empirical investigation, however, is based on an alternative approach. Strong convergence is determined on the basis of the first largest principal component, based on income differences with respect to a chosen base country, being stationary. The qualitative outcome of the test is invariant to the choice of base country and, compared to alternative multivariate tests for long-run convergence, this methodology places less demands on limited data sets. Using annual data for the period 1960-2000, strong convergence is confirmed for the Central American Common Market. However, an amended version of the test confirms weaker long-run convergence in the...

Tipo: Journal Article

Palavras-chave: Output convergence; Latin America; Common trends; F15; O19; O40; O54.

Ano: 2005

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/37134

Mariotti, Sergio; Mutinelli, Marco; Nicolini, Marcella; Piscitello, Lucia.

The paper analyses productivity spillovers from foreign MNEs on domestic manufacturing firms. Using a database on foreign MNEs in Italy, our results reveal that local firms do benefit from the presence of foreign MNEs, and the effect is higher when local and foreign firms in manufacturing sectors are co-located. However, spillovers benefiting domestic firms are likely to be less influenced by co-location when foreign MNEs are in services sectors as the latter are different from manufacturing industries under a number of aspects that overcome the effect of distance. Indeed, in these sectors, proximity and interaction are often obtained through professional mobility and temporary inter-organizational routines.

Reconsiderando la metodología FAO sobre el cálculo del número de personas que pasan hambre en el mundo

Palavras-chave: Multinational Firms; Co-Location; Proximity; Spillover Effects; Customer-Supplier Interaction; Vertical Linkages; International Relations/Trade; D24; F23; O19; R30.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/99683

Morales-Opazo, Cristian; Barreiro-Hurlé, Jesús.

FAO measure of undernourishment is calculated based on three main parameters: dietary energy supply (DES), minimum dietary energy requirement (MDER), and the coefficient of variation of dietary energy consumption (CV). In the current implementation of this methodology, the DES and the MDER change over time, as would be expected. The CV, however, remains constant. However, we expect the CV to change over time and be a function of income and prices. This paper discusses why the CV should change in response to changes in these variables, and suggests a practical way to estimate changes in the CV over time in the absence of survey data.

Tipo: Article

Palavras-chave: Income; Prices; Consumption; Undernourishment; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety; Food Security and Poverty; E21; O11; O19.

Ano: 2011

URL: http://purl.umn.edu/120198

The Benefits and Costs of Proliferation of Geographical Labelling for Developing Countries

Anders, Sven M.; Caswell, Julie A..

Food product attributes related to geographical origins are a topical issue in global food trade. The provision of geographical labelling may occur through geographical indications under the mandated trade rules of the TRIPS Agreement, trademarks, or country-of-origin labelling. The overall effect of the expansion of geographical labelling on developing countries depends on a complex mix of market opportunities that may yield substantial benefits as well as implementation costs. Increasingly, the analysis of this overall effect will need to evaluate the joint impacts of different forms of geographical labelling on the market position of developing countries.